Abstract

Ultrafast terahertz emission from two-color generated laser plasma gas targets is studied using air and the noble gases (neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) as the generation media. Terahertz output pulse energy and power spectra are measured as function of gas species, gas pressure, and input pulse energy up to 6 mJ per pulse using a 40-fs 1-kHz Ti:sapphire laser system as the drive source. Terahertz pulse energies approaching 1 μJ per pulse with spectral content out to 40 THz and pulse duration of 35 fs is reported. A simple one dimensional transient photocurrent ionization model is used to calculate the spectra showing good agreement with experiments.

©2010 Optical Society of America

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  1. K. Y. Kim, A. J. Taylor, J. H. Glownia, and G. Rodriguez, “Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 605–609 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  2. J. Hebling, K.-L. Yeh, M. C. Hoffmann, B. Bartal, and K. A. Nelson, “Generation of high-power terahertz pulses by tilted-pulse-front excitation and their application possibilities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), B6–B18 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  3. M. C. Hoffmann, J. Hebling, H. Y. Hwang, K.-L. Yeh, and K. A. Nelson, “THz-pump/THz-probe spectroscopy of semiconductors at high field strengths,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(9), A29–A34 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  4. F. Blanchard, G. Sharma, X. Ropagnol, L. Razzari, R. Morandotti, and T. Ozaki, “Improved terahertz two-color plasma sources pumped by high intensity laser beam,” Opt. Express 17(8), 6044–6052 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  6. A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  7. T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  8. F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  9. K. Y. Kim, J. H. Glownia, A. J. Taylor, and G. Rodriguez, “Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4577–4584 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  12. J. Dai, N. Karpowicz, and X.-C. Zhang, “Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023001 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. H. Wen and A. M. Lindenberg, “Coherent terahertz polarization control through manipulation of electron trajectories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023902 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. D. Dietze, J. Darmo, S. Roither, A. Pugzlys, J. N. Heyman, and K. Unterrainer, “Polarization of terahertz radiation from laser generated plasma filaments,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(11), 2016–2027 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  15. Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).
  16. W.-M. Wang, Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, M. Chen, C. Li, J. Zhang, and K. Mima, “Strong terahertz pulse generation by chirped laser pulses in tenuous gases,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16999–17006 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. K. Y. Kim, “Generation of coherent terahertz radiation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Phys. Plasmas 16(5), 056706 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  18. R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  19. N. Karpowicz, X. Lu, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz gas photonics,” J. Mod. Opt. 56(10), 1137–1150 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  20. Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  21. V. A. Kostin and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Ionization-induced conversion of ultrashort Bessel beam to terahertz pulse,” Opt. Lett. 35(2), 247–249 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in a varying electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).
  23. C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  24. G. Rodriguez, A. R. Valenzuela, B. Yellampalle, M. J. Schmitt, and K.-Y. Kim, “In-line holographic imaging and electron density extraction of ultrafast ionized air filaments,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(12), 1988–1997 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  25. A. Börzsönyi, Z. Heiner, M. P. Kalashnikov, A. P. Kovács, and K. Osvay, “Dispersion measurement of inert gases and gas mixtures at 800 nm,” Appl. Opt. 47(27), 4856–4863 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. V. B. Gildenburg and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Optical-to-THz wave conversion via excitation of plasma oscillations in the tunneling-ionization process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(24), 245002 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  28. J. Dai, X. Xie, and X.-C. Zhang, “Detection of broadband terahertz waves with a laser-induced plasma in gases,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(10), 103903 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. P. J. Leonard, “Refractive indices, verdet constants, and polarizabilities of the inert gases,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14(1), 21–37 (1974).
    [Crossref]
  30. E. R. Peck and D. J. Fisher, “Dispersion of argon,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 54(11), 1362–1364 (1964).
    [Crossref]
  31. E. T. J. Nibbering, G. Grillon, M. A. Franco, B. S. Prade, and A. Mysyrowicz, “Determination of the inertial contribution to the nonlinear index of refraction of air, N2, and O2 by use of unfocused high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14(3), 650–660 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  32. K.-L. Yeh, M. C. Hoffmann, J. Hebling, and K. A. Nelson, “Generation of 10 μJ ultrashort terahertz pulses by optical rectification,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(17), 171121 (2007).
    [Crossref]

2010 (4)

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. V. Balakin, A. V. Borodin, I. A. Kotelnikov, and A. P. Shkurinov, “Terahertz emission from a femtosecond laser focus in a two-color scheme,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(1), 16–25 (2010).
[Crossref]

V. A. Kostin and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Ionization-induced conversion of ultrashort Bessel beam to terahertz pulse,” Opt. Lett. 35(2), 247–249 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (8)

J. Dai, N. Karpowicz, and X.-C. Zhang, “Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023001 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Wen and A. M. Lindenberg, “Coherent terahertz polarization control through manipulation of electron trajectories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023902 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Dietze, J. Darmo, S. Roither, A. Pugzlys, J. N. Heyman, and K. Unterrainer, “Polarization of terahertz radiation from laser generated plasma filaments,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(11), 2016–2027 (2009).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, “Generation of coherent terahertz radiation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Phys. Plasmas 16(5), 056706 (2009).
[Crossref]

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

N. Karpowicz, X. Lu, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz gas photonics,” J. Mod. Opt. 56(10), 1137–1150 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. C. Hoffmann, J. Hebling, H. Y. Hwang, K.-L. Yeh, and K. A. Nelson, “THz-pump/THz-probe spectroscopy of semiconductors at high field strengths,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(9), A29–A34 (2009).
[Crossref]

F. Blanchard, G. Sharma, X. Ropagnol, L. Razzari, R. Morandotti, and T. Ozaki, “Improved terahertz two-color plasma sources pumped by high intensity laser beam,” Opt. Express 17(8), 6044–6052 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (6)

2007 (6)

V. B. Gildenburg and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Optical-to-THz wave conversion via excitation of plasma oscillations in the tunneling-ionization process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(24), 245002 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

K.-L. Yeh, M. C. Hoffmann, J. Hebling, and K. A. Nelson, “Generation of 10 μJ ultrashort terahertz pulses by optical rectification,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(17), 171121 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, J. H. Glownia, A. J. Taylor, and G. Rodriguez, “Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4577–4584 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

J. Dai, X. Xie, and X.-C. Zhang, “Detection of broadband terahertz waves with a laser-induced plasma in gases,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(10), 103903 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

2001 (2)

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

1986 (1)

M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in a varying electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).

1974 (1)

P. J. Leonard, “Refractive indices, verdet constants, and polarizabilities of the inert gases,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14(1), 21–37 (1974).
[Crossref]

1964 (1)

E. R. Peck and D. J. Fisher, “Dispersion of argon,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 54(11), 1362–1364 (1964).
[Crossref]

Akhmedzhanov, R. A.

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Aközbek, N.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ammosov, M. V.

M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in a varying electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).

Balakin, A. V.

Bartal, B.

Becker, A.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Blanchard, F.

Borodin, A. V.

Börzsönyi, A.

Châteauneuf, M.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

Chen, M.

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

W.-M. Wang, Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, M. Chen, C. Li, J. Zhang, and K. Mima, “Strong terahertz pulse generation by chirped laser pulses in tenuous gases,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16999–17006 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chin, S. L.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Couairon, A.

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dai, J.

J. Dai, N. Karpowicz, and X.-C. Zhang, “Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023001 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Dai, X. Xie, and X.-C. Zhang, “Detection of broadband terahertz waves with a laser-induced plasma in gases,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(10), 103903 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Daigle, J.-F.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

Darmo, J.

Delone, N. B.

M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in a varying electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).

Dietze, D.

Dong, X. G.

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

Dubois, J.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

Fadeev, D. A.

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Fisher, D. J.

E. R. Peck and D. J. Fisher, “Dispersion of argon,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 54(11), 1362–1364 (1964).
[Crossref]

Franco, M. A.

Gildenburg, V. B.

V. B. Gildenburg and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Optical-to-THz wave conversion via excitation of plasma oscillations in the tunneling-ionization process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(24), 245002 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Glownia, J. H.

K. Y. Kim, A. J. Taylor, J. H. Glownia, and G. Rodriguez, “Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 605–609 (2008).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, J. H. Glownia, A. J. Taylor, and G. Rodriguez, “Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4577–4584 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Grillon, G.

Guo, C.

G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
[Crossref]

Hebling, J.

Heiner, Z.

Heyman, J. N.

Hoffmann, M. C.

Hosseini, S. A.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Hwang, H. Y.

Ilyakov, I. E.

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Kalashnikov, M. P.

Kandidov, V. P.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Karpowicz, N.

J. Dai, N. Karpowicz, and X.-C. Zhang, “Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023001 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Karpowicz, X. Lu, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz gas photonics,” J. Mod. Opt. 56(10), 1137–1150 (2009).
[Crossref]

Kim, K. Y.

K. Y. Kim, “Generation of coherent terahertz radiation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Phys. Plasmas 16(5), 056706 (2009).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, A. J. Taylor, J. H. Glownia, and G. Rodriguez, “Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 605–609 (2008).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, J. H. Glownia, A. J. Taylor, and G. Rodriguez, “Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4577–4584 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, K.-Y.

Kosareva, O. G.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Kostin, V. A.

Kotelnikov, I. A.

Kovács, A. P.

Krainov, V. P.

M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in a varying electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).

Kreß, M.

H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
[Crossref]

Leonard, P. J.

P. J. Leonard, “Refractive indices, verdet constants, and polarizabilities of the inert gases,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14(1), 21–37 (1974).
[Crossref]

Li, C.

Lindenberg, A. M.

H. Wen and A. M. Lindenberg, “Coherent terahertz polarization control through manipulation of electron trajectories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023902 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, W.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Löffler, T.

H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
[Crossref]

Lu, X.

N. Karpowicz, X. Lu, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz gas photonics,” J. Mod. Opt. 56(10), 1137–1150 (2009).
[Crossref]

Luo, Q.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Marceau, C.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

Mathieu, P.

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

Mima, K.

Mironov, V. A.

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Morandotti, R.

Mysyrowicz, A.

Nelson, K. A.

Nibbering, E. T. J.

Omenetto, F. G.

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

Osvay, K.

Ozaki, T.

Peck, E. R.

E. R. Peck and D. J. Fisher, “Dispersion of argon,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 54(11), 1362–1364 (1964).
[Crossref]

Prade, B. S.

Pugzlys, A.

Razzari, L.

Rodriguez, G.

K. Y. Kim, A. J. Taylor, J. H. Glownia, and G. Rodriguez, “Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 605–609 (2008).
[Crossref]

G. Rodriguez, A. R. Valenzuela, B. Yellampalle, M. J. Schmitt, and K.-Y. Kim, “In-line holographic imaging and electron density extraction of ultrafast ionized air filaments,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(12), 1988–1997 (2008).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, J. H. Glownia, A. J. Taylor, and G. Rodriguez, “Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4577–4584 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
[Crossref]

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

Roither, S.

Ropagnol, X.

Roskos, H. G.

H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
[Crossref]

Roy, G.

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

Schmitt, M. J.

Schroeder, H.

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sharma, G.

Sheng, Z.-M.

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

W.-M. Wang, Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, M. Chen, C. Li, J. Zhang, and K. Mima, “Strong terahertz pulse generation by chirped laser pulses in tenuous gases,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16999–17006 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shishkin, B. V.

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Shkurinov, A. P.

Siders, C. W.

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
[Crossref]

Siders, J. L. W.

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

Suvorov, E. Y.

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Taylor, A. J.

K. Y. Kim, A. J. Taylor, J. H. Glownia, and G. Rodriguez, “Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 605–609 (2008).
[Crossref]

K. Y. Kim, J. H. Glownia, A. J. Taylor, and G. Rodriguez, “Terahertz emission from ultrafast ionizing air in symmetry-broken laser fields,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4577–4584 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
[Crossref]

Théberge, F.

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Thomson, M. D.

H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
[Crossref]

Unterrainer, K.

Valenzuela, A. R.

Vvedenskii, N. V.

V. A. Kostin and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Ionization-induced conversion of ultrashort Bessel beam to terahertz pulse,” Opt. Lett. 35(2), 247–249 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. B. Gildenburg and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Optical-to-THz wave conversion via excitation of plasma oscillations in the tunneling-ionization process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(24), 245002 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, M.

Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
[Crossref]

Wang, T.-J.

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

Wang, W. M.

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

Wang, W.-M.

Wen, H.

H. Wen and A. M. Lindenberg, “Coherent terahertz polarization control through manipulation of electron trajectories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023902 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wu, H.-C.

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

W.-M. Wang, Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, M. Chen, C. Li, J. Zhang, and K. Mima, “Strong terahertz pulse generation by chirped laser pulses in tenuous gases,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16999–17006 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xie, X.

J. Dai, X. Xie, and X.-C. Zhang, “Detection of broadband terahertz waves with a laser-induced plasma in gases,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(10), 103903 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yamaguchi, M.

Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
[Crossref]

Yeh, K.-L.

Yellampalle, B.

Zhang, J.

W.-M. Wang, Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, M. Chen, C. Li, J. Zhang, and K. Mima, “Strong terahertz pulse generation by chirped laser pulses in tenuous gases,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16999–17006 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

Zhang, X.-C.

N. Karpowicz, X. Lu, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz gas photonics,” J. Mod. Opt. 56(10), 1137–1150 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Dai, N. Karpowicz, and X.-C. Zhang, “Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023001 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Dai, X. Xie, and X.-C. Zhang, “Detection of broadband terahertz waves with a laser-induced plasma in gases,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(10), 103903 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zheng, J.

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

K.-L. Yeh, M. C. Hoffmann, J. Hebling, and K. A. Nelson, “Generation of 10 μJ ultrashort terahertz pulses by optical rectification,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(17), 171121 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, M. Yamaguchi, M. Wang, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz pulse generation from noble gases,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 251116 (2007).
[Crossref]

At. Data Nucl. Data Tables (1)

P. J. Leonard, “Refractive indices, verdet constants, and polarizabilities of the inert gases,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 14(1), 21–37 (1974).
[Crossref]

Can. J. Phys. (1)

S. L. Chin, S. A. Hosseini, W. Liu, Q. Luo, F. Théberge, N. Aközbek, A. Becker, V. P. Kandidov, O. G. Kosareva, and H. Schroeder, “The propagation of powerful femtosecond laser pulses in optical media: physics, applications, and new challenges,” Can. J. Phys. 83(9), 863–905 (2005).
[Crossref]

Comm. Comp. Phys. (1)

Z.-M. Sheng, H.-C. Wu, W. M. Wang, M. Chen, X. G. Dong, J. Zheng, and J. Zhang, “Simulation of high power THz emission from laser interaction with tenuous plasma and gas targets,” Comm. Comp. Phys. 4, 1258–1278 (2008).

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

G. Rodriguez, C. W. Siders, C. Guo, and A. J. Taylor, “Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H2, N2, and O2,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 7(4), 579–591 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Mod. Opt. (1)

N. Karpowicz, X. Lu, and X.-C. Zhang, “Terahertz gas photonics,” J. Mod. Opt. 56(10), 1137–1150 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

E. R. Peck and D. J. Fisher, “Dispersion of argon,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 54(11), 1362–1364 (1964).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (6)

Laser Photon. Rev. (1)

H. G. Roskos, M. D. Thomson, M. Kreß, and T. Löffler, “Broadband THz emission from gas plasmas induced by femtosecond optical pulses: From fundamentals to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 349–368 (2007).
[Crossref]

Laser Phys. Lett. (1)

T.-J. Wang, J.-F. Daigle, Y. Chen, C. Marceau, F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, and S. L. Chin, “High energy THz generation from meter-long two-color filaments in air,” Laser Phys. Lett. 7(7), 517–521 (2010).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (1)

K. Y. Kim, A. J. Taylor, J. H. Glownia, and G. Rodriguez, “Coherent control of terahertz supercontinuum generation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Nat. Photonics 2(10), 605–609 (2008).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Phys. Plasmas (1)

K. Y. Kim, “Generation of coherent terahertz radiation in ultrafast laser-gas interactions,” Phys. Plasmas 16(5), 056706 (2009).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rep. (1)

A. Couairon and A. Mysyrowicz, “Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media,” Phys. Rep. 441(2-4), 47–189 (2007).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. A (1)

F. Théberge, M. Châteauneuf, G. Roy, P. Mathieu, and J. Dubois, “Generation of tunable and broadband far-infrared laser pulses during two-color filamentation,” Phys. Rev. A 81(3), 033821 (2010).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (5)

J. Dai, N. Karpowicz, and X.-C. Zhang, “Coherent polarization control of terahertz waves generated from two-color laser-induced gas plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023001 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Wen and A. M. Lindenberg, “Coherent terahertz polarization control through manipulation of electron trajectories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 023902 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Dai, X. Xie, and X.-C. Zhang, “Detection of broadband terahertz waves with a laser-induced plasma in gases,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(10), 103903 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. W. Siders, G. Rodriguez, J. L. W. Siders, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Measurement of ultrafast ionization dynamics of gases by multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(26), 263002 (2001).
[Crossref]

V. B. Gildenburg and N. V. Vvedenskii, “Optical-to-THz wave conversion via excitation of plasma oscillations in the tunneling-ionization process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(24), 245002 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Radiophys. Quantum Electron. (1)

R. A. Akhmedzhanov, I. E. Ilyakov, V. A. Mironov, E. Y. Suvorov, D. A. Fadeev, and B. V. Shishkin, “Plasma mechanisms of pulsed terahertz radiation generation,” Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 52(7), 482–493 (2009).
[Crossref]

Sov. Phys. JETP (1)

M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in a varying electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).

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Figures (9)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Experimental layout showing that THz is generated by mixing the fundamental and its second harmonic laser field, generated from a frequency-doubling BBO crystal in a gas cell. A silicon filter is used filter out the THz pulse from the optical pulses. The THz interferogram is measured using Michelson interferometer located inside a vacuum chamber.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Measured THz interferogram temporal waveforms and corresponding power spectra for the following gases at 800-nm optical pulse energies of 1 mJ, 2 mJ, 4 mJ, and 6 mJ: (a)-(b) air, (c)-(d) neon, and (e)-(f) xenon.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 THz output pulse energy versus (a) input 800-nm pulse energy (P = 590 Torr) and (b) pressure (E = 5.4 mJ/pulse) for the following gases: air, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 THz interferogram temporal waveforms and corresponding power spectra for the following gases at pressures between 20 Torr and 590 Torr: (a)-(b) air, (c)-(d) neon, and (e)-(f) argon.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 THz interferogram temporal waveforms and corresponding power spectra for the following gases at pressures between 20 Torr and 590 Torr: (a)-(b) krypton and (c)-(d) xenon.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Computed transverse electric field, E y, and corresponding current, J y, which precedes calculation of the THz spectrum. The plots of the two-color electric field are for positions at the (a) input (x = 0) and (b) output (x = L) of the plasma length, L, with corresponding current at (c) x = 0 and (d) x = L. The calculation is for 500 Torr of Ar gas, L = 500 μm, Iω = 5 × 1014 W/cm2, I2ω = 1014 W/cm2, and τω = τ2ω = 40 fs.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Computed THz spectral power for Ar gas (L = 500 μm) as the (a) input intensity (Iω = 5 × 1014, 1015, 5 × 1015, and 1016 W/cm2) and (b) neutral gas pressure (P = 50,100,200,500, and 700 Torr) are varied.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Computed THz spectral power for 500 Torr (L = 500 μm) of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas at an input intensity of Iω = 1015 W/cm2.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Measured THz output pulse energy versus pressure for xenon (Xe) gas at two different in pulse energies of the fundamental (ω) laser field.

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Equations (15)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

∂ E ∂ t = c ∇ × B − 4 π J ,
∂ B ∂ t = − c ∇ × E ,
∂ J ∂ t = e 2 m n e E ,
n e = ∑ j j   N j .
∂ N 0 ∂ t = − W 1 N 0 ,
∂ N j ∂ t = W j N j − 1 − W j + 1 N j ,
∂ N Z max ∂ t = W Z max N Z max − 1 ,
W = 1.61 ω au Z 2 n eff ( 10.87 Z 3 n eff 4 E au E ) 2 n eff − 1.5 exp ( − 2 3 Z 3 n eff 3 E au E ) ,
n eff = Z I p 13.6   eV   .
E y = B z = E 800 + E 400 , = 2 η o I ω sin   ( ω t ) exp ( β t 2 / τ ω 2 ) + 2 η o I 2 ω sin   ( ω t + θ ) exp ( β ( t + Δ t ) 2 / τ 2 ω 2 )   ,
E y ( x , Ω ) ∝ ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∂ J y ( x , t ) ∂ t exp ( i Ω t )   d t   .
I THz ( Ω ) = | ∫ 0 L E y ( x , Ω ) e [ − ( L − x ) / L a b s ] e i ϕ ( x , ω p )   d x | 2       ( Ω   ≤ Ω THz ) .
L abs ( Ω ) = c / [ ω Im ( n ) ]   ≈ 2 c ( Ω 2 + ν e 2 ) / ( ω p 2 ν e ) ,
Δ k neut = ( 2 ω / c ) ( n ω ( P ) − n 2 ω ( P ) ) ,
Δ k p =  2 k ω − k 2 ω ≈ − 3 4 ω p 2 c ω ,

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