Abstract

Time-resolved transmittance spectroscopy was performed in the wavelength range of 610 or 700 to 1050 nm on phantom parallelepipeds and bone tissue cubes of different sizes. The data were best fitted with solutions of the diffusion equation for a laterally infinite slab and for a parallelepiped to investigate how size and optical properties of the samples affect the results obtained with the two models. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to support and help with the interpretation of the experimental data. The parallelepiped model performs much better than the infinite slab model for the estimate of the reduced scattering coefficient and, even more, the absorption coefficient. It can profitably be used to quantify the optical properties of biological tissue samples and to derive information such as tissue composition, when small volumes are involved.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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  3. H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  25. A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
    [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

2006 (2)

M. J. Niedre, G. M. Turner, and V. Ntziachristos, “Time-resolved imaging of optical coefficients through murine chest cavities,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064017 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. L. Batchelar, M. T. M. Davidson, W. Dabrowski, and I. A. Cunnigham, “Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: Assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density,” Med. Phys. 33,904–915 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (5)

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, A. Bassi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, H. Wabnitz, D. Grosenick, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, J. Swartling, T. Svensson, S. Andersson-Engels, R. L. van Veen, H. J. Sterenborg, J. M. Tualle, H. L. Nghiem, S. Avrillier, M. Whelan, and H. Stamm, “Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol, ” Appl. Opt. 44,2104–2114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kienle, “Light diffusion through a turbid papallelepiped,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22,1883–1888 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (1)

L. Nicolaides and A. Mandelis, “Novel dental dynamic depth profilometric imaging using simultaneous frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and laser luminescence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5,31–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (1)

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (3)

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

A. Kienle and M. S. Patterson, “Determination of the optical properties of turbid media from a single Monte Carlo simulation,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41,2221–2227 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (1)

L.-H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47,131–146 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1994 (3)

R. C. Haskell, L. O. Svasaand, T. T. Tsay, T. C. Feng, M. S. McAdams, and B.J. Tromberg, “Boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11,2727–2741 (1994).
[Crossref]

K. Furutsu and Y. Yamada, “Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random medium and the applications,” Phys. Rev. E 50,3634–3640 (1994).
[Crossref]

B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Frequency-domain optical absorption spctroscopy of finite tissue volumes using diffusion theory,” Phys. Med. Biol. 39,1157–1180 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1989 (1)

1978 (1)

L. S. Lasdon, A. D. Waren, A. Jain, and M. Ratner, “Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,” ACM Trans. Math. Software 4,34–50 (1978).
[Crossref]

Andersson-Engels, S.

Avrillier, S.

Aznar, D.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

Backhaus, M.

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barton, J.K.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Bassi, A.

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, A. Bassi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, H. Wabnitz, D. Grosenick, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, J. Swartling, T. Svensson, S. Andersson-Engels, R. L. van Veen, H. J. Sterenborg, J. M. Tualle, H. L. Nghiem, S. Avrillier, M. Whelan, and H. Stamm, “Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol, ” Appl. Opt. 44,2104–2114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Batchelar, D. L.

D. L. Batchelar, M. T. M. Davidson, W. Dabrowski, and I. A. Cunnigham, “Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: Assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density,” Med. Phys. 33,904–915 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berghmans, F.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

Beuthan, Jürgen

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chan, E. K.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Chance, B.

Chernomordik, V.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Chikoidze, E.

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Comelli, D.

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Cubeddu, R.

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, A. Bassi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, H. Wabnitz, D. Grosenick, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, J. Swartling, T. Svensson, S. Andersson-Engels, R. L. van Veen, H. J. Sterenborg, J. M. Tualle, H. L. Nghiem, S. Avrillier, M. Whelan, and H. Stamm, “Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol, ” Appl. Opt. 44,2104–2114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Cunnigham, I. A.

D. L. Batchelar, M. T. M. Davidson, W. Dabrowski, and I. A. Cunnigham, “Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: Assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density,” Med. Phys. 33,904–915 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dabrowski, W.

D. L. Batchelar, M. T. M. Davidson, W. Dabrowski, and I. A. Cunnigham, “Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: Assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density,” Med. Phys. 33,904–915 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Davidson, M. T. M.

D. L. Batchelar, M. T. M. Davidson, W. Dabrowski, and I. A. Cunnigham, “Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: Assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density,” Med. Phys. 33,904–915 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ducros, M. G.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Eidsath, A.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Feng, T. C.

Fernandez Fernandez, A.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

Filippidis, G.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Furutsu, K.

K. Furutsu and Y. Yamada, “Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random medium and the applications,” Phys. Rev. E 50,3634–3640 (1994).
[Crossref]

Gandjbakhche, A. H.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Garofalakis, A.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Giambattistelli, E.

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Grosenick, D.

Haskell, R. C.

Hassan, M.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Hielscher, A. H.

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jacques, S. L.

L.-H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47,131–146 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jain, A.

L. S. Lasdon, A. D. Waren, A. Jain, and M. Ratner, “Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,” ACM Trans. Math. Software 4,34–50 (1978).
[Crossref]

Kafousi, M.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kienle, A.

A. Kienle, “Light diffusion through a turbid papallelepiped,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22,1883–1888 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. Kienle and M. S. Patterson, “Determination of the optical properties of turbid media from a single Monte Carlo simulation,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41,2221–2227 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Klose, A.D.

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lasdon, L. S.

L. S. Lasdon, A. D. Waren, A. Jain, and M. Ratner, “Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,” ACM Trans. Math. Software 4,34–50 (1978).
[Crossref]

Macdonald, R.

Mandelis, A.

L. Nicolaides and A. Mandelis, “Novel dental dynamic depth profilometric imaging using simultaneous frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and laser luminescence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5,31–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Martelli, F.

McAdams, M. S.

Milner, T. E.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Moa-Anderson1, B.

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moller, M.

Nelson, J. S.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Netz, U.

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nghiem, H. L.

Nicolaides, L.

L. Nicolaides and A. Mandelis, “Novel dental dynamic depth profilometric imaging using simultaneous frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and laser luminescence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5,31–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Niedre, M. J.

M. J. Niedre, G. M. Turner, and V. Ntziachristos, “Time-resolved imaging of optical coefficients through murine chest cavities,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064017 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ntziachristos, V.

M. J. Niedre, G. M. Turner, and V. Ntziachristos, “Time-resolved imaging of optical coefficients through murine chest cavities,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064017 (2006).
[Crossref]

Ottevaere, H.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

Papazoglou1, T. G.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Patterson, M. S.

A. Kienle and M. S. Patterson, “Determination of the optical properties of turbid media from a single Monte Carlo simulation,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41,2221–2227 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Frequency-domain optical absorption spctroscopy of finite tissue volumes using diffusion theory,” Phys. Med. Biol. 39,1157–1180 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. S. Patterson, B. Chance, and B. C. Wilson, “Time-resolved reflectance and transmittance for the noninvasive measureme nt of tissue optical properties,” Appl. Opt. 28,2331–2336 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pfefer, T. J.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Pifferi, A.

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, A. Bassi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, H. Wabnitz, D. Grosenick, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, J. Swartling, T. Svensson, S. Andersson-Engels, R. L. van Veen, H. J. Sterenborg, J. M. Tualle, H. L. Nghiem, S. Avrillier, M. Whelan, and H. Stamm, “Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol, ” Appl. Opt. 44,2104–2114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Pogue, B. W.

B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Frequency-domain optical absorption spctroscopy of finite tissue volumes using diffusion theory,” Phys. Med. Biol. 39,1157–1180 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Prahl, S.

S. Prahl, Oregon Medical Laser Center website: http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/water/index.html.

Ratner, M.

L. S. Lasdon, A. D. Waren, A. Jain, and M. Ratner, “Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,” ACM Trans. Math. Software 4,34–50 (1978).
[Crossref]

Ripoll, J.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Russo, A.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sanidas, E.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Scheel, A. K.

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Smith, P.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sorg, B. S.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Stamm, H.

Stathopoulos, E.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sterenborg, H. J.

Sterenborg, H. J. C. M.

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Svasaand, L. O.

Svensson, T.

Sviridov, A.

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

Swartling, J.

Tabak, M.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

Taroni, P.

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, A. Bassi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, H. Wabnitz, D. Grosenick, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, J. Swartling, T. Svensson, S. Andersson-Engels, R. L. van Veen, H. J. Sterenborg, J. M. Tualle, H. L. Nghiem, S. Avrillier, M. Whelan, and H. Stamm, “Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol, ” Appl. Opt. 44,2104–2114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Thienpont, H.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

Torricelli, A.

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, A. Bassi, P. Taroni, R. Cubeddu, H. Wabnitz, D. Grosenick, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, J. Swartling, T. Svensson, S. Andersson-Engels, R. L. van Veen, H. J. Sterenborg, J. M. Tualle, H. L. Nghiem, S. Avrillier, M. Whelan, and H. Stamm, “Performance assessment of photon migration instruments: the MEDPHOT protocol, ” Appl. Opt. 44,2104–2114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Tromberg, B.J.

Tsay, T. T.

Tsiftsis, D. D.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tualle, J. M.

Turner, G. M.

M. J. Niedre, G. M. Turner, and V. Ntziachristos, “Time-resolved imaging of optical coefficients through murine chest cavities,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064017 (2006).
[Crossref]

Valentini, G.

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Van Ierschot, S.

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

van Veen, R. L.

van Veen, R. L. P.

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wabnitz, H.

Wang, L.-H.

L.-H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47,131–146 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Waren, A. D.

L. S. Lasdon, A. D. Waren, A. Jain, and M. Ratner, “Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,” ACM Trans. Math. Software 4,34–50 (1978).
[Crossref]

Welch, A. J.

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

Wetzel, C.

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

Whelan, M.

Wilson, B. C.

Yamada, Y.

K. Furutsu and Y. Yamada, “Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random medium and the applications,” Phys. Rev. E 50,3634–3640 (1994).
[Crossref]

Zaccanti, G.

Zacharakis, G.

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zheng, L.

L.-H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47,131–146 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

ACM Trans. Math. Software (1)

L. S. Lasdon, A. D. Waren, A. Jain, and M. Ratner, “Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,” ACM Trans. Math. Software 4,34–50 (1978).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (2)

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (1)

L.-H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Zheng, “MCML-Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47,131–146 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

T. J. Pfefer, J.K. Barton, E. K. Chan, M. G. Ducros, B. S. Sorg, T. E. Milner, J. S. Nelson, and A. J. Welch, “A three-dimensional modular adaptable grid numerical model for light propagation during laser irradiation of skin tissue,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2,934–942 (1996).
[Crossref]

J. Biomed. Opt. (5)

R. L. P. van Veen, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, E. Chikoidze, and R. Cubeddu, “Determination of visible near-IR absorption coefficients of mammalian fat using time- and spatially resolved diffuse reflectance and transmission spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,054004 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, P. Taroni, A. Bassi, E. Chikoidze, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “Optical biopsy of bone tissue: a step toward the diagnosis of bone pathologies,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9,474–480 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. Russo, A. Eidsath, P. Smith, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Intensity profiles of linearly polarized light backscattered from skin and tissue-like phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10,014012 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. J. Niedre, G. M. Turner, and V. Ntziachristos, “Time-resolved imaging of optical coefficients through murine chest cavities,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 064017 (2006).
[Crossref]

L. Nicolaides and A. Mandelis, “Novel dental dynamic depth profilometric imaging using simultaneous frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometry and laser luminescence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5,31–39 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (2)

Med Phys. (1)

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “Experimental test of theoretical models for time-resolved reflectance,” Med Phys. 23,1625–1633 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Med. Phys. (1)

D. L. Batchelar, M. T. M. Davidson, W. Dabrowski, and I. A. Cunnigham, “Bone-composition imaging using coherent-scatter computed tomography: Assessing bone health beyond bone mineral density,” Med. Phys. 33,904–915 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (1)

Phys. Med. Biol. (6)

A. H. Hielscher, A.D. Klose, A. K. Scheel, B. Moa-Anderson1, M. Backhaus, U. Netz, and Jürgen Beuthan, “Sagittal laser optical tomography for imaging of rheumatoid finger joints,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49,1147–1163 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, G. Filippidis, E. Sanidas, D. D. Tsiftsis, E. Stathopoulos, M. Kafousi, J. Ripoll, and T. G. Papazoglou1, “Optical characterization of thin female breast biopsies based on the reduced scattering coefficient,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50,2583–2596 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Frequency-domain optical absorption spctroscopy of finite tissue volumes using diffusion theory,” Phys. Med. Biol. 39,1157–1180 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Torricelli, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, E. Giambattistelli, and R. Cubeddu “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46,2227–2237 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Cubeddu, A. Pifferi, P. Taroni, A. Torricelli, and G. Valentini, “A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42,1971–1979 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Kienle and M. S. Patterson, “Determination of the optical properties of turbid media from a single Monte Carlo simulation,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41,2221–2227 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. E (1)

K. Furutsu and Y. Yamada, “Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random medium and the applications,” Phys. Rev. E 50,3634–3640 (1994).
[Crossref]

Other (4)

H. Ottevaere, M. Tabak, D. Aznar, A. Fernandez Fernandez, S. Van Ierschot, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Optical fiber sensors for monitoring stress build-up in dental cements,” Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors OFS16 (2003).

A. Kienle, C. Wetzel, A. Bassi, D. Comelli, P. Taroni, and A. Pifferi, “Determination of the optical properties of anisotropic biological media using an isotropic model,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

S. Prahl, Oregon Medical Laser Center website: http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/water/index.html.

P. Taroni, D. Comelli, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, and R. Cubeddu, “Absorption of collagen: effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications,” J. Biomed. Opt.12, in press.
[PubMed]

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Figures (6)

Fig 1.
Fig 1. Absorption (a) and reduced scattering (b) spectra of parallelepiped phantoms of different sizes as obtained with the infinite slab model. As a reference, the absorption spectrum of water is also reported. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the absorption spectra were: ♢, 0.0010 cm-1; Δ, 0.0010 cm-1; ○, 0.0013 cm-1; ×, 0.0031 cm-1. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the reduced scattering spectra were: ♢, 0.13 cm-1; Δ, 0.10 cm-1; ○, 0.11 cm-1; ×, 0.13 cm-1.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Absorption (a) and reduced scattering (b) spectra of parallelepiped phantoms of different sizes as obtained with the parallelepiped model. As a reference, the absorption spectrum of water is also reported. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the absorption spectra were: ♢, 0.0010 cm-1; Δ, 0.0012 cm-1; ○, 0.0019 cm-1; ×, 0.0048 cm-1. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the reduced scattering spectra were: ♢, 0.12 cm-1; Δ, 0.11 cm-1; ○, 0.11 cm-1; ×, 0.13 cm-1.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Absorption (a) and reduced scattering (b) values obtained by best fitting Monte Carlo simulations with the infinite slab model.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Absorption (a) and reduced scattering (b) values obtained by best fitting Monte Carlo simulations with the parallelepiped model.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Absorption (a) and reduced scattering (b) spectra of bone cubes of different sizes as obtained with the infinite slab model. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the absorption spectra averaged over the 3 measurement directions were: ♢, 0.0014 cm-1; ○, 0.0016 cm-1; Δ, 0.0032 cm-1;. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the reduced scattering spectra averaged over the 3 measurement directions were: ♢, 0.21 cm-1; ○, 0.20 cm-1; Δ, 0.24 cm-1.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Absorption (a) and reduced scattering (b) spectra of bone cubes of different sizes as obtained with the parallelepiped model. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the absorption spectra averaged over the 3 measurement directions were: ♢, 0.0020 cm-1; ○, 0.0023 cm-1; Δ, 0.0046 cm-1. Median standard deviations for 4 repeated measurements of the reduced scattering spectra averaged over the 3 measurement directions were: ♢, 0.23 cm-1; ○, 0.22 cm-1; Δ, 0.25 cm-1.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Bone tissue composition, based on different combinations of tissue constituents, as derived from the absorption spectra obtained with the slab and parallelepiped models

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