Average biometry of the cornea in a large population of Iranian school children

Rafael Navarro; Jos J. Rozema; Mohammad Hassan Emamian; Hassan Hashemi; Akbar Fotouhi

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.36.000B85

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 36,
Issue 4,
pp. B85-B92
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.000B85

Average biometry of the cornea in a large population of Iranian school children

Rafael Navarro, Jos J. Rozema, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Hassan Hashemi, and Akbar Fotouhi

Not Accessible

Your library or personal account may give you access

Get PDF
Email
Share
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Rafael Navarro, Jos J. Rozema, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Hassan Hashemi, and Akbar Fotouhi, "Average biometry of the cornea in a large population of Iranian school children," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36, B85-B92 (2019)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Citation alert
Save article

Check for updates

Related Topics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 14, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: February 7, 2019
- Manuscript Accepted: February 7, 2019
- Published: March 12, 2019
Virtual Issues
JOSA A Feature Issue: Visual and Physiological Optics (2019)

Abstract

This work establishes the average Scheimpflug corneal tomography for a population of 4953 healthy Iranian primary school children. These data were transformed to determine the corneal position and orientation in three-dimensional space, followed by a model fit that combines a biconic with a Zernike expansion. Girls were found to have slightly steeper corneas than boys. Both corneal surfaces show negative conic constants and significant higher-order aspheric Zernike terms. The corneal surfaces are decentered and misaligned with respect to each other and to the line of sight. Consequently, the average corneal surfaces may be considered as decentered and misaligned higher-order aspheres.

Full Article | PDF Article

More Like This

Optics of the average normal cornea from general and canonical representations of its surface topography

Rafael Navarro, Luis González, and José L. Hernández
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23(2) 219-232 (2006)

Optical aberrations of the human cornea as a function of age

Antonio Guirao, Manuel Redondo, and Pablo Artal
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17(10) 1697-1702 (2000)

Wave-front aberrations in the anterior corneal surface and the whole eye

Ji C. He, Jane Gwiazda, Frank Thorn, and Richard Held
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20(7) 1155-1163 (2003)

Previous Article Next Article

Cited By

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Figures (5)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Tables (4)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Equations (4)

You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.

Contact your librarian or system administrator
or
Login to access Optica Member Subscription

Boys
Surface	Ellipsoid	Biconic	Biconic + Zernikes
Anterior	$2.63 \pm 0.77 μm$	$2.50 \pm 0.75 μm$	$0.37 \pm 0.06 μm$
Posterior	$9.21 \pm 2.36 μm$	$8.51 \pm 2.25 μm$	$0.69 \pm 0.22 μm$
Girls
	Ellipsoid	Biconic	Biconic + Zernikes
Anterior	$2.51 \pm 0.70 μm$	$2.36 \pm 0.54 μm$	$0.36 \pm 0.06 μm$
Posterior	$9.38 \pm 2.28 μm$	$8.62 \pm 2.14 μm$	$0.70 \pm 0.21 μm$

	Boys		Girls
	$Mean \pm SD$ [Range]	Normal^a	$Mean \pm SD$ [Range]	Normal^a	Boys versus Girls^b
Anterior surface
BFS R (mm)	$8.07 \pm 0.24$ [7.23, 8.57]	Yes	$7.92 \pm 0.23$ [7.04, 8.35]	No	$< 0.001$
$R_{\max}$ (mm)	$7.79 \pm 0.26$ [6.90, 8.72]	Yes	$7.66 \pm 0.26$ [6.78, 8.55]	Yes	$< 0.001$
$R_{\min}$ (mm)	$7.67 \pm 0.27$ [6.73, 8.56]	Yes	$7.52 \pm 0.26$ [6.65, 8.56]	Yes	$< 0.001$
$Q_{\max}$	$- 0.41 \pm 0.10$ [−1.08, −0.06]	No	$- 0.42 \pm 0.10$ [−0.84, −0.10]	No	0.188
$Q_{\min}$	$- 0.41 \pm 0.12$ [−1.11, −0.04]	No	$- 0.43 \pm 0.11$ [−0.90, −0.06]	No	$< 0.001$
$a_{4}^{0}$ (μm)	$0.54 \pm 0.47$ [−0.94, 2.00]	No	$0.59 \pm 0.46$ [−0.85, 2.01]	Yes	$< 0.001$
$a_{6}^{0}$ (μm)	$- 0.40 \pm 0.24$ [−1.18, 0.38]	No	$- 0.48 \pm 0.22$ [−1.18, 0.22]	No	$< 0.001$
Apex $c_{x}$ (mm)	$- 0.51 \pm 0.29$ [−2.20, 2.48]	No	$- 0.51 \pm 0.26$ [−1.86, 2.53]	No	0.146
Apex $c_{y}$ (mm)	$0.06 \pm 0.29$ [−1.60, 1.21]	No	$0.08 \pm 0.27$ [−2.61, 1.10]	No	0.092
Tilt $α °$	$0.46 \pm 2.14$ [−9.95,10.2]	No	$0.57 \pm 2.11$ [−8.60, 10.50]	No	0.054
Tip $β °$	$- 3.75 \pm 1.89$ [−13.20, 5.70]	No	$- 3.76 \pm 1.93$ [−13.40, 5.89]	No	0.980
Axis $γ °$	$6.10 \pm 19.60$ [−89.60, 89.50]	No	$2.54 \pm 15.81$ [−89.70, 83.10]	No	$< 0.001$
Pachymetry
Min (μm)	$554.1 \pm 34.1$ [441,681]	No	$549.20 \pm 34.30$ [456,681]	No	$< 0.001$
Vertex (μm)	$558.6 \pm 34.0$ [454,687]	No	$553.70 \pm 34.10$ [459,683]	No	$< 0.001$
Posterior surface
BFS R (mm)	$6.60 \pm 0.22$ [5.77, 7.02]	Yes	$6.47 \pm 0.19$ [5.56, 6.79]	No	$< 0.001$
$R_{\max}$ (mm)	$6.40 \pm 0.27$ [5.30, 7.33]	Yes	$6.27 \pm 0.26$ [5.17, 7.25]	Yes	$< 0.001$
$R_{\min}$ (mm)	$6.13 \pm 0.27$ [4.96, 7.06]	Yes	$6.01 \pm 0.26$ [4.90, 7.04]	Yes	$< 0.001$
$Q_{\max}$	$- 0.26 \pm 0.11$ [−0.94, 0.05]	No	$- 0.30 \pm 0.12$ [−0.84, 0.02]	No	$< 0.001$
$Q_{\min}$	$- 0.39 \pm 0.14$ [−1.19, −0.04]	No	$- 0.44 \pm 0.15$ [−1.05, −0.05]	No	$< 0.001$
$a_{4}^{0}$ (μm)	$2.29 \pm 1.50$ [−2.50, 6.51]	No	$2.63 \pm 1.39$ [−1.63, 6.54]	No	$< 0.001$
$a_{6}^{0}$ (μm)	$- 0.81 \pm 0.78$ [−3.28, 1.66]	No	$- 0.99 \pm 0.84$ [−3.60, 1.32]	No	$< 0.001$
$a_{6}^{2}$ (μm)	$0.81 \pm 0.64$ [−3.78, 3.59]	No	$0.77 \pm 0.61$ [−2.92, 3.08]	No	0.002
$a_{8}^{0}$ (μm)	$- 0.67 \pm 0.37$ [−2.76, 0.57]	No	$- 0.68 \pm 0.39$ [−2.26, 0.35]	No	0.656
Apex $c_{x}$ (mm)	$- 0.78 \pm 0.37$ [−3.64, 2.26]	No	$- 0.78 \pm 0.34$ [−4.02, 2.64]	No	0.466
Apex $c_{y}$ (mm)	$0.37 \pm 0.42$ [−2.85, 2.90]	No	$0.39 \pm 0.39$ [−3.79, 2.06]	No	0.305
Tilt $α °$	$3.13 \pm 3.93$ [−22.80, 15.70]	No	$3.38 \pm 3.63$ [−19.10, 14.50]	No	0.027
Tip $β °$	$- 6.41 \pm 3.40$ [−23.40, 10.60]	No	$- 6.51 \pm 2.98$ [−21.50, 11.50]	No	0.542
Axis $γ °$	$4.92 \pm 25.57$ [−89.30, 89.90]	No	$2.47 \pm 26.70$ [−89.30, 90.00]	No	$< 0.001$

		Age	Gender	Height	Location	$R^{2}$ (p)
BFS R	Ant.	−0.192 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.236 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.283 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.010 (0.451)	0.082 ( $< 0.001$ )
BFS R	Post	−0.194 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.161 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.278 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.031 (0.029)^a	0.052 ( $< 0.001$ )
$R_{\max}$	Ant.	−0.152 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.244 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.252 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.011 (0.449)	0.083 ( $< 0.001$ )
$R_{\max}$	Post	−0.152 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.239 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.246 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.069 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.081 ( $< 0.001$ )
$R_{\min}$	Ant.	−0.093 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.266 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.188 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.033 (0.018)^a	0.086 ( $< 0.001$ )
$R_{\min}$	Post	−0.154 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.224 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.171 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.036 (0.010)^a	0.060 ( $< 0.001$ )
$Q_{\max}$	Ant.	0.214 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.023 (0.104)	−0.191 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.028 (0.049)^a	0.018 ( $< 0.001$ )
$Q_{\max}$	Post	0.067 (0.007)^a	−0.186 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.072 (0.004)^a	0.075 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.042 ( $< 0.001$ )
$Q_{\min}$	Ant.	0.218 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.072 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.170 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.037 (0.010)^a	0.023 ( $< 0.001$ )
$Q_{\min}$	Post	0.052 (0.038)^a	−0.153 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.117 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.026 (0.070)	0.031 ( $< 0.001$ )
Tilt $α$	Ant.	0.026 (0.308)	−0.028 (0.050)	−0.060 (0.018)^a	0.023 (0.116)	0.004 (0.004)
Tilt $α$	Post	0.006 (0.827)	−0.036 (0.011)^a	−0.020 (0.440)	0.020 (0.162)	0.002 (0.071)
Tip $β$	Ant.	0.116 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.001 (0.935)	−0.036 (0.160)	−0.038 (0.008)^a	0.010 ( $< 0.001$ )
Ap. $c_{x}$	Ant.	0.126 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.019 (0.174)	−0.055 (0.030)^a	−0.039 (0.007)^a	0.010 ( $< 0.001$ )
	Post	0.059 (0.019)^a	0.009 (0.526)	−0.017 (0.493)	−0.016 (0.279)	0.003 (0.029)
Ap. $c_{y}$	Ant.	−0.028 (0.270)	0.025 (0.078)	0.065 (0.010)^a	−0.024 (0.097)	0.004 (0.002)
$a_{8}^{0}$	Post	−0.004 (0.865)	−0.019 (0.184)	0.081 (0.001)^a	0.018 (0.211)	0.006 ( $< 0.001$ )
$P_{\min}$		−0.066 (0.009)^a	−0.073 ( $< {0.001}^{a}$	−0.020 (0.418)	−0.133 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.028 ( $< 0.001$ )
$P_{vertex}$		−0.066 (0.008)^a	−0.072 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	−0.023 (0.365)	−0.132 ( $< 0.001$ )^a	0.028 ( $< 0.001$ )

Author (year)	Country	N	Age	Diameter	Meridian	R (mm)	Q
Lam et al. [19]	Hong Kong	142	6–17	9	Hor.	$7.84 \pm 0.26$	$- 0.18 \pm 0.15$
					Vert.	$7.67 \pm 0.27$	NA^a
Davis et al. [18]	USA	72	6–15	8	NA	$7.55 \pm 0.24$	$- 0.35 \pm 0.10$
Chan et al. [35]	Hong Kong	73	6–15	9.8	Flat	$7.80 \pm 0.22$	NA
					Steep	$7.53 \pm 0.19$	$- 0.42 \pm 0.13$
Zhang et al. [36]	China	31	6–10	6	NA	NA	$- 0.32 \pm 0.12$
Chan et al. [37]	Hong Kong	217	6–12	9	Flat	$7.85 \pm 0.24$	$- 0.44 \pm 0.11$
					Steep	$7.59 \pm 0.26$	$- 0.22 \pm (NA)$
Current	Iran	4953	6–12	7–11	Flat	$7.73 \pm 0.26$	$- 0.42 \pm 0.10$
					Steep	$7.60 \pm 0.27$	$- 0.42 \pm 0.12$

Boys
Surface	Ellipsoid	Biconic	Biconic + Zernikes
Anterior	$2.63 \pm 0.77 μm$	$2.50 \pm 0.75 μm$	$0.37 \pm 0.06 μm$
Posterior	$9.21 \pm 2.36 μm$	$8.51 \pm 2.25 μm$	$0.69 \pm 0.22 μm$
Girls
	Ellipsoid	Biconic	Biconic + Zernikes
Anterior	$2.51 \pm 0.70 μm$	$2.36 \pm 0.54 μm$	$0.36 \pm 0.06 μm$
Posterior	$9.38 \pm 2.28 μm$	$8.62 \pm 2.14 μm$	$0.70 \pm 0.21 μm$

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (5)

Tables (4)

Equations (4)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A