Toward ultimate efficiency: progress and prospects on planar and 3D nanostructured nonpolar and semipolar InGaN light-emitting diodes

Yuji Zhao; Houqiang Fu; George T. Wang; Shuji Nakamura

doi:10.1364/AOP.10.000246

Advances in Optics and Photonics
Vol. 10,
Issue 1,
pp. 246-308
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000246

Toward ultimate efficiency: progress and prospects on planar and 3D nanostructured nonpolar and semipolar InGaN light-emitting diodes

Yuji Zhao, Houqiang Fu, George T. Wang, and Shuji Nakamura

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Yuji Zhao, Houqiang Fu, George T. Wang, and Shuji Nakamura, "Toward ultimate efficiency: progress and prospects on planar and 3D nanostructured nonpolar and semipolar InGaN light-emitting diodes," Adv. Opt. Photon. 10, 246-308 (2018)

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- Optoelectronics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 3, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: January 2, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: January 2, 2018
- Published: February 16, 2018

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Abstract

Nonpolar and semipolar III-nitride-based blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been extensively investigated as potential replacements for current polar $c$ -plane LEDs. High-power and low-efficiency-droop blue LEDs have been demonstrated on nonpolar and semipolar planes III-nitride due to the advantages of eliminated or reduced polarization-related electric field and homoepitaxial growth. Semipolar $(20 \bar{2} 1)$ and $(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$ LEDs have contributed to bridging “green gap” (low efficiency in green spectral region) by incorporating high indium compositions, reducing polarization effects, and suppressing defects. Other properties, such as low thermal droop, narrow spectral linewidth, small wavelength shift, and polarized emission, have also been reported for nonpolar and semipolar LEDs. In this paper we review the theoretical background, device performance, material properties, and physical mechanisms for nonpolar and semipolar III-nitride semiconductors and associated blue and green LEDs. The latest progress on topics including efficiency droop, thermal droop, green-gap, and three-dimensional nanostructures is detailed. Future challenges, potential solutions, and applications will also be covered.

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Plane	Structure	Method	Wavelength (nm)	LOP (mW)	EQE (%)	Droop (%)	Reference
(0001)	2.5 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	444	30.4	55.7	48.0	[54]
(0001)	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	460	37.0	80.8	18.3	[53]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	8 nm 6 QWs	DC	407	23.7	38.9	12.3	[7]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	4 nm 5 QWs	DC	456	0.24	0.43	9.3	[55]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	3 nm 5 QWs	DC	435	1.8	3.1	23.1	[56]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	2 nm 3 QWs	Pulsed	460	5.5	10.5	24.5	[57]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	3 nm SQW	DC	426	1.8	3.0	17.5	[12]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	480	9.0	17.4	23.4	[58]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	5 nm 3 QWs	–	441	1.0	1.65	71.4	[59]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	444	16.2	29.0	16.8	[60]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	2.5 nm 6 QWs	DC	411	20.6	33.9	9.1	[61]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	420	22.8	39.5	4.2	[62]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	3 QWs	Pulsed	411	31.1	54.7	3.7	[13]
$(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$	3 nm 3 QWs	Pulsed	423	30.6	52.2	8.5	[14]
$(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$	12 nm SQW	Pulsed	446	28.2	52.7	4.7	[15]
$(30 \bar{3} \bar{1})$	15 nm SQW	Pulsed	413	29.8	49.5	9.5	[16]

Plane	Structure	Method	Wavelength (nm)	LOP (mW)	EQE (%)	Droop (%)	Reference
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	3 nm SQW	DC	527	2.3	4.0	31.7	[12]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	4 nm 6 QWs	DC	516	5.0	10.5	49.8	[101]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	4 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	519	9.0	18.9	44.4	[105]
$(20 \bar{2} 1)$	3.5 nm SQW	Pulsed	516	9.9	20.4	57.1	[102]
$(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$	3 nm SQW	Pulsed	518	5.8	11.9	56.5	[25]
$(20 \bar{2} 1)$	3.5 nm SQW	Pulsed	529	13.3	28.2	24.3	This work

Plane	Structure	Method	Wavelength (nm)	LOP (mW)	EQE (%)	Droop (%)	Reference
(0001)	2.5 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	444	30.4	55.7	48.0	[54]
(0001)	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	460	37.0	80.8	18.3	[53]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	8 nm 6 QWs	DC	407	23.7	38.9	12.3	[7]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	4 nm 5 QWs	DC	456	0.24	0.43	9.3	[55]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	3 nm 5 QWs	DC	435	1.8	3.1	23.1	[56]
$(10 \bar{1} 0)$	2 nm 3 QWs	Pulsed	460	5.5	10.5	24.5	[57]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	3 nm SQW	DC	426	1.8	3.0	17.5	[12]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	480	9.0	17.4	23.4	[58]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	5 nm 3 QWs	–	441	1.0	1.65	71.4	[59]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	444	16.2	29.0	16.8	[60]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	2.5 nm 6 QWs	DC	411	20.6	33.9	9.1	[61]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	3 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	420	22.8	39.5	4.2	[62]
$(10 \bar{1} \bar{1})$	3 QWs	Pulsed	411	31.1	54.7	3.7	[13]
$(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$	3 nm 3 QWs	Pulsed	423	30.6	52.2	8.5	[14]
$(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$	12 nm SQW	Pulsed	446	28.2	52.7	4.7	[15]
$(30 \bar{3} \bar{1})$	15 nm SQW	Pulsed	413	29.8	49.5	9.5	[16]

Plane	Structure	Method	Wavelength (nm)	LOP (mW)	EQE (%)	Droop (%)	Reference
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	3 nm SQW	DC	527	2.3	4.0	31.7	[12]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	4 nm 6 QWs	DC	516	5.0	10.5	49.8	[101]
$(11 \bar{2} 2)$	4 nm 6 QWs	Pulsed	519	9.0	18.9	44.4	[105]
$(20 \bar{2} 1)$	3.5 nm SQW	Pulsed	516	9.9	20.4	57.1	[102]
$(20 \bar{2} \bar{1})$	3 nm SQW	Pulsed	518	5.8	11.9	56.5	[25]
$(20 \bar{2} 1)$	3.5 nm SQW	Pulsed	529	13.3	28.2	24.3	This work

Abstract

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Figures (49)

Tables (2)

Equations (15)

Advances in Optics and Photonics